Lui Ming Wah, , , was the member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong , representing industrial industry in functional constituencies seats. He was the member of in Legco.
Lui is a businessman and a registered engineer. He is the founder chairman of Hong Kong Shandong Business Association.
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Li Zhaoxing
Li Zhaoxing was the foreign minister of the People's Republic of China from 2003 to 2007.
He was born in Jiaonan, Qingdao,Shandong province and graduated from Peking University in 1964. He worked as a diplomat in Africa before becoming Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1990 and Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1995, ambassador to the United States in 1998, and Foreign Minister in 2003. He is also now one of the Global Elders and a professor at Peking University. He is married, and has one son.
He was born in Jiaonan, Qingdao,Shandong province and graduated from Peking University in 1964. He worked as a diplomat in Africa before becoming Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1990 and Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1995, ambassador to the United States in 1998, and Foreign Minister in 2003. He is also now one of the Global Elders and a professor at Peking University. He is married, and has one son.
Leung Chun Ying
Leung Chun Ying BSc is a current member of the of the Hong Kong.
Mr Leung is Chairman of DTZ Debenham Tie Leung Limited, as well as:
Member of the National Standing Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Member of the Commission on Strategic Development
Member and Chairman of the Council,
Member of the Court of Lingnan University
Member of Honours Committee
Chairman of the Professional Services Advisory Committee, Hong Kong Trade Development Council
Member of the Services Promotion Programme Committee, Hong Kong Trade Development Council
Chairman, Coalition of Professional Services
Chairman, Board of Directors, One Country Two Systems Research Institute Ltd
Mr Leung is Chairman of DTZ Debenham Tie Leung Limited, as well as:
Member of the National Standing Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Member of the Commission on Strategic Development
Member and Chairman of the Council,
Member of the Court of Lingnan University
Member of Honours Committee
Chairman of the Professional Services Advisory Committee, Hong Kong Trade Development Council
Member of the Services Promotion Programme Committee, Hong Kong Trade Development Council
Chairman, Coalition of Professional Services
Chairman, Board of Directors, One Country Two Systems Research Institute Ltd
Kang Sheng
Kang Sheng , Communist Party of China official, was the head of the People's Republic of China's security and intelligence apparatus at various points until his death, and was subsequently accused along with the of being responsible for persecutions during the Cultural Revolution.
Kang Sheng’s early life is documented as if relating to different people. He was born in Shandong to a gentry family and named Zhao Rong in 1903, or as Zhang Zongke, perhaps in 1893, 1898, or 1899. Kang studied at Shanghai University and joined the party, both in 1924-25. In 1920, Kang took preparatory courses at Qinghua University, then taught in a rural school in Zhujiang, Shandong before resuming studies in Shanghai. He joined the CCP in 1924 or 1925 in Shanghai, where he worked as a labor organizer under different alias such as Zhang Shaoqing and Zhao Rong, and took part in the unsuccessful Communist uprising in 1927. As a Shanghai district CCP leader, he participated in uprisings in that city under the leadership of Zhou Enlai ; when the uprising was put down by Kuomintang, Kang escaped from Shanghai. He was briefly a CCP department chief in the Jiangsu Provincial Committee in 1928 and then joined the surviving Communist cadres in the rural areas, and in 1930.
One report has Kang as CCP Central Committee Organization Department Director , politburo member and Central Committee secretary before being sent as a permanent member of the CCP delegation to the Comintern Executive in Moscow. Other reports say that he studied in Moscow from as early as 1930, and remained there until 1937, working in the Comintern under Wang Ming and, at least at times, along side Chen Yun. All three returned to China, to Yenan, in 1937 and taught at the Anti-Japanese University .
Kang arrived in Mao Zedong's base at Yan'an sometime in the late 1930s, with the latest inside information on Moscow’s thinking, and was appointed to the CCP CC Secretariat in 1938. He may have already realized that Wang Ming was falling out of favor, and Zhang Guotao was originally selected by the Comintern to replace Wang. Kang Sheng allied himself with Mao to destroy Wang's faction within the party, seeing Wang as the greatest enemy at the time.
At Yan'an, Kang became a close friend of Jiang Qing, who may have been Kang's maid during his youth in Shandong, and who became a second-rate young actress in Shanghai and a newly converted Communist. He introduced her to Mao Zedong, who later married her.
In June 1942, Kang was said to have been spending all his time with Mao. There are conflicting reports about his role, or fate during the 1942 Rectification Campaign : One source says he was criticized, and then replaced Li Weihan as head of the CCP Party School, while another says he was responsible for turning Mao’s innocent effort to educate newly arrived cadres into a violent purge. In his August 1943 speech, Kang explained how he and his colleagues used rectification to expose spies and trick anti-Party elements into reveling themselves. The strategy calls to mind the 1950s Hundred Flowers Movement and its aftermath.
During the 1946-49 Chinese Civil War, Kang was named to CCP chief of Shandong Province and second Deputy General Secretary of the party’s East China Bureau.
Kang played no visible public role in the early years of the PRC: it is said that the enmity of President Liu Shaoqi and Premier Zhou Enlai kept his role to a minimum. He resurfaced in the mid- 1950s following his active role in the purge of military leader Peng Dehuai, and apparently resumed control of the CPC security apparatus. He became Mao's personal agent in the intra-Party struggles that began with the "Anti-Rightist Campaign" of 1959 and culminated in the 1966-76 Cultural Revolution. As a close associate of Jiang Qing, he became a member of the Party Secretariat under Deng Xiaoping in 1962. By 1966, he became an "adviser" to the Cultural Revolution Group under the Central Committee, and a member of the Politburo's Standing Committee. His actions set into motion the Cultural Revolution, which he created in order to increase his personal power and rank within the CPC.
Kang was closely involved in the Cultural Revolution purges which resulted in the downfall of Peng Dehuai, Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, Marshal Lin Biao, Marshal He Long, and many other leading CPC figures. His position in the CPC rose with the fall of each of these high-ranking leaders. Kang's campaigns of state terror reached as far as Inner Mongolia, where he instigated a deadly witchhunt for members of the defunct Inner Mongolian People's Party, which had once existed as a separatist party but was disbanded and absorbed by the CPC long before; and Yunnan Province, where thousands were died. In this wave of persecution, Kang Sheng adopted a different tactics than that of Yan'an: learning from his dismay from Zheng Feng movement more than two decades earlier, Kang Sheng cleverly stayed in the background this time, and encouraged the Red Guards and the general populace to eliminate the class enemy, as well as fighting each other, hence shifted the responsibility ostensively away from himself and Mao. As a result, Mao was pleasd with Kang Sheng for achieving the elimination of the so-called class enemy while shifting the responsibility to others , and Kang Sheng's position was further strengthened in the Cultural Revolution.
Kang also left a lasting imprint on China's foreign policy. While the mainstream of the CPC leadership cultivated Prince Norodom Sihanouk as Cambodia's anti-Western and anti-imperialist leader, Kang advocated that Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot was the real revolutionary leader in the Southeast Asian nation. As a result, Pol became the recipient of Chinese aid for years to come.
At the apex of his power, Kang ranked fourth behind Mao, Lin Biao, and Zhou Enlai. His last service to Mao was the 1976 campaign to criticise "rightist deviationism," which was aimed at Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping, though Kang died of cancer in late 1975 before it was launched. Even before drawing his last breath, Kang had called Mao's interpreters and proteges Nancy Tang and Wang Hairong to his hospital, accusing Jiang Qing of having betrayed the CPC to the KMT before the Communist victory. Kang may have forecasted Jiang's fall, or he may merely have been speculating as to her fate.
Had Kang not died, he would certainly have been removed from power along with the after Mao's death. In a secret speech delivered in 1978, Hu Yaobang compared Kang to secret police chiefs Felix Dzerzhinsky and Lavrenty Beria. He was posthumously expelled from the Party in 1980, and his remains were removed from Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery in Beijing, where the remains of many prominent CPC leaders are interred.
In contrast to Dzerzhinsky, who was a pious believer in communism and who lived a very simple and modest daily life, Kang lived an extravagant and corrupt lifestyle. As the best calligraphist among senior leaders of CPC, as well as a painter, art and antique connoisseur, poet, and historian, Kang had a great appetite for valuable antiques and used his power to embezzle many from the Forbidden City and from the storehouses of the Cultural Relics Bureau during the Cultural Revolution, a fact uncovered only after his death. According to the audits by the Chinese government and researches by the Japanese, Kang Sheng was both the very first millionaire and the first multi-millionaire in China, based on the value of artifacts he owned in 1970s price. Furthermore, it was rumored that he had kept an affair with the sister of his wife Cao Yi'ou for quite a long time, and he built several villas for their rendezvous.
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Origins
Kang Sheng’s early life is documented as if relating to different people. He was born in Shandong to a gentry family and named Zhao Rong in 1903, or as Zhang Zongke, perhaps in 1893, 1898, or 1899. Kang studied at Shanghai University and joined the party, both in 1924-25. In 1920, Kang took preparatory courses at Qinghua University, then taught in a rural school in Zhujiang, Shandong before resuming studies in Shanghai. He joined the CCP in 1924 or 1925 in Shanghai, where he worked as a labor organizer under different alias such as Zhang Shaoqing and Zhao Rong, and took part in the unsuccessful Communist uprising in 1927. As a Shanghai district CCP leader, he participated in uprisings in that city under the leadership of Zhou Enlai ; when the uprising was put down by Kuomintang, Kang escaped from Shanghai. He was briefly a CCP department chief in the Jiangsu Provincial Committee in 1928 and then joined the surviving Communist cadres in the rural areas, and in 1930.
One report has Kang as CCP Central Committee Organization Department Director , politburo member and Central Committee secretary before being sent as a permanent member of the CCP delegation to the Comintern Executive in Moscow. Other reports say that he studied in Moscow from as early as 1930, and remained there until 1937, working in the Comintern under Wang Ming and, at least at times, along side Chen Yun. All three returned to China, to Yenan, in 1937 and taught at the Anti-Japanese University .
At Yan'an
Kang arrived in Mao Zedong's base at Yan'an sometime in the late 1930s, with the latest inside information on Moscow’s thinking, and was appointed to the CCP CC Secretariat in 1938. He may have already realized that Wang Ming was falling out of favor, and Zhang Guotao was originally selected by the Comintern to replace Wang. Kang Sheng allied himself with Mao to destroy Wang's faction within the party, seeing Wang as the greatest enemy at the time.
At Yan'an, Kang became a close friend of Jiang Qing, who may have been Kang's maid during his youth in Shandong, and who became a second-rate young actress in Shanghai and a newly converted Communist. He introduced her to Mao Zedong, who later married her.
In June 1942, Kang was said to have been spending all his time with Mao. There are conflicting reports about his role, or fate during the 1942 Rectification Campaign : One source says he was criticized, and then replaced Li Weihan as head of the CCP Party School, while another says he was responsible for turning Mao’s innocent effort to educate newly arrived cadres into a violent purge. In his August 1943 speech, Kang explained how he and his colleagues used rectification to expose spies and trick anti-Party elements into reveling themselves. The strategy calls to mind the 1950s Hundred Flowers Movement and its aftermath.
During the 1946-49 Chinese Civil War, Kang was named to CCP chief of Shandong Province and second Deputy General Secretary of the party’s East China Bureau.
After 1949
Kang played no visible public role in the early years of the PRC: it is said that the enmity of President Liu Shaoqi and Premier Zhou Enlai kept his role to a minimum. He resurfaced in the mid- 1950s following his active role in the purge of military leader Peng Dehuai, and apparently resumed control of the CPC security apparatus. He became Mao's personal agent in the intra-Party struggles that began with the "Anti-Rightist Campaign" of 1959 and culminated in the 1966-76 Cultural Revolution. As a close associate of Jiang Qing, he became a member of the Party Secretariat under Deng Xiaoping in 1962. By 1966, he became an "adviser" to the Cultural Revolution Group under the Central Committee, and a member of the Politburo's Standing Committee. His actions set into motion the Cultural Revolution, which he created in order to increase his personal power and rank within the CPC.
Kang was closely involved in the Cultural Revolution purges which resulted in the downfall of Peng Dehuai, Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, Marshal Lin Biao, Marshal He Long, and many other leading CPC figures. His position in the CPC rose with the fall of each of these high-ranking leaders. Kang's campaigns of state terror reached as far as Inner Mongolia, where he instigated a deadly witchhunt for members of the defunct Inner Mongolian People's Party, which had once existed as a separatist party but was disbanded and absorbed by the CPC long before; and Yunnan Province, where thousands were died. In this wave of persecution, Kang Sheng adopted a different tactics than that of Yan'an: learning from his dismay from Zheng Feng movement more than two decades earlier, Kang Sheng cleverly stayed in the background this time, and encouraged the Red Guards and the general populace to eliminate the class enemy, as well as fighting each other, hence shifted the responsibility ostensively away from himself and Mao. As a result, Mao was pleasd with Kang Sheng for achieving the elimination of the so-called class enemy while shifting the responsibility to others , and Kang Sheng's position was further strengthened in the Cultural Revolution.
Kang also left a lasting imprint on China's foreign policy. While the mainstream of the CPC leadership cultivated Prince Norodom Sihanouk as Cambodia's anti-Western and anti-imperialist leader, Kang advocated that Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot was the real revolutionary leader in the Southeast Asian nation. As a result, Pol became the recipient of Chinese aid for years to come.
At the apex of his power, Kang ranked fourth behind Mao, Lin Biao, and Zhou Enlai. His last service to Mao was the 1976 campaign to criticise "rightist deviationism," which was aimed at Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping, though Kang died of cancer in late 1975 before it was launched. Even before drawing his last breath, Kang had called Mao's interpreters and proteges Nancy Tang and Wang Hairong to his hospital, accusing Jiang Qing of having betrayed the CPC to the KMT before the Communist victory. Kang may have forecasted Jiang's fall, or he may merely have been speculating as to her fate.
Legacy
Had Kang not died, he would certainly have been removed from power along with the after Mao's death. In a secret speech delivered in 1978, Hu Yaobang compared Kang to secret police chiefs Felix Dzerzhinsky and Lavrenty Beria. He was posthumously expelled from the Party in 1980, and his remains were removed from Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery in Beijing, where the remains of many prominent CPC leaders are interred.
In contrast to Dzerzhinsky, who was a pious believer in communism and who lived a very simple and modest daily life, Kang lived an extravagant and corrupt lifestyle. As the best calligraphist among senior leaders of CPC, as well as a painter, art and antique connoisseur, poet, and historian, Kang had a great appetite for valuable antiques and used his power to embezzle many from the Forbidden City and from the storehouses of the Cultural Relics Bureau during the Cultural Revolution, a fact uncovered only after his death. According to the audits by the Chinese government and researches by the Japanese, Kang Sheng was both the very first millionaire and the first multi-millionaire in China, based on the value of artifacts he owned in 1970s price. Furthermore, it was rumored that he had kept an affair with the sister of his wife Cao Yi'ou for quite a long time, and he built several villas for their rendezvous.
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Jiang Qing
Jiang Qing is the pseudonym that was used by Chinese leader Mao Zedong's last wife and major Chinese Communist Party power figure Li Shumeng . She went by the stage name Lan Ping during her acting career. She married Mao in Yan'an in November 1938, and is sometimes referred to as Madame Mao in Western literature, serving as Communist China's first "first lady". Jiang Qing was most well-known for playing a major role in the Cultural Revolution and for forming the radical political alliance known as the "". She was named the "Great Flag-carrier of the Proletarian Culture" , and became a prominent leader in state affairs between 1966 and 1976.
Around the time of Chairman Mao's death, maintained control of many of China's power institutions, including a heavy hand in the media and propaganda. Jiang Qing's political success was limited, however, and she was arrested in October 1976 by Hua Guofeng and his allies, and was subsequently accused of being counter-revolutionary. Since then, Jiang Qing and Lin Biao have been branded by official historical documents in China as the "Lin Biao and Jiang Qing Counter-revolutionary Cliques" , to which most of the blame for the damage and devastation caused by the Cultural Revolution was assigned.
Jiang Qing was born as Lǐ Shūméng in Zhucheng , in 1914. Jiang Qing's father was called Li Dewen , who reputedly wanted a son, thus gave his daughter the name ''L? Jìnhái'' in anticipation for a son. Jiang Qing, first known as L? Yúnhè , grew up in the homes of her courtesan mother's rich lovers. She was an only child who was never doted upon and whose instincts were never curbed. In her early twenties, and after already exhausting two marriages, Jiang Qing went to university and studied literature and drama. Soon, Jiang Qing adopted the stage name "Lán Píng" , and became a professional actress. She appeared in numerous films and plays, including ''A Doll's House'', ''Big Thunderstorm'', ''God of Liberty'', ''The Scenery of City'', ''Blood on Wolf Mountain'' and ''Old Mr. Wang''. In Ibsen's play ''A Doll's House'', Jiang Qing played the role of Nora, who, after being accused of talking like a child and not understanding the world she lives in, replies, "No I don't . But now I mean to go into that... I must find out which is right - the world or I." Being out of sorts with the world was also Jiang Qing's experience, whose early life was fraught with harsh realities. Jiang Qing first married in Shandong, to a wealthy businessman, but became bored of the closed married life. She escaped to Shanghai, where she began reconstructing an acting career and was involved with Yu Qiwei.
At 23, Jiang Qing left her life on the stage behind and went to the Chinese Communist headquarters in Yan'an, to "join the revolution" and the war to resist the Japanese invasion. There she met Mao Zedong, and eventually married him in a small private ceremony. They had a daughter in 1940. Because Mao's marriage to He Zizhen had not yet ceased, Jiang Qing was made to sign a marital contract which stipulated that she would not appear in public with Mao as his escort, effective twenty years.
In the 1950s, Jiang Qing was involved with the Ministry of Culture. Backed by her husband, she was appointed deputy director of the so-called Central Cultural Revolution Group in 1966 and emerged as a serious political figure in the summer of that year. She became a member of the in 1969. By now she has established a close political working relationship with--what in due course would be known as the -- Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen. She was one of the most powerful figures in China during Mao's last years and became a controversial figure.
During this period, Mao Zedong galvanized students and young workers as his Red Guards to attack what he termed as revisionists in the party. Mao told them the revolution was in danger and that they must do all they could to stop the emergence of a privileged class in China. He argued this is what had happened in the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev.
Jiang Qing incited radical youths organized as against other senior political leaders and government officials, including Liu Shaoqi, the at the time, and Deng Xiaoping, the Deputy Premier. Internally divided into factions both to the "left" and "right" of Jiang Qing and Mao, not all Red Guards were friendly to Jiang Qing.
The initial storm of the Cultural Revolution came to an end when Liu Shaoqi was forced from all his posts on October 13, 1968. Lin Biao now became Mao's designated successor. Chairman Mao now gave his support to the Gang of Four: Jiang Qing, Wang Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan and Zhang Chunqiao. These four radicals occupied powerful positions in the Politburo after the Tenth Party Congress of 1973.
Jiang Qing also directed operas and ballets with communist and revolutionary content as part of an effort to transform China's culture. The Eight model plays were allegedly created under her guidance. Critics would argue that her influence on art was too restrictive, because she replaced nearly all earlier works of art with revolutionary Maoist works.
Jiang Qing first collaborated with then second-in-charge Lin Biao, but after Lin Biao's death in 1971, she turned against him publicly in the Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius Campaign. By the mid 1970s, Jiang Qing also spearheaded the campaign against Deng Xiaoping . The Chinese public became intensely discontented at this time and chose to blame Jiang Qing, a more accessible and easier target than Chairman Mao.
Jiang Qing's hobbies included photography, playing cards, and watching foreign movies, especially ''''. It was also revealed that Mao's physician, Li Zhisui, had diagnosed her as a hypochondriac. When touring a troupe of young girls excelling in marksmanship, she "discovered" Joan Chen, then 14 years old, launching Joan's career as a Chinese and then international actress.
She developed severe degrees of hypochondriasis and erratic nerves. She required two sedatives over the course of a day and three sleeping pills to fall asleep. Staff were assigned to chase away birds and cicadas from her Imperial Fishing Villa. She ordered house servants to cut down on noise by removing their shoes and avoiding clothes rustling. Mild temperature extremes bothered her; thermostats were always set to 21.5°C in winter and 26°C in summer.
Mao began dying on September 2, 1976. By September 5, his condition was critical and Hua Guofeng contacted Jiang Qing. She returned from her trip and spent only a few moments in hospital's Building 202, where Mao was being treated, before returning to her own residence in the Spring Lotus Chamber. On the afternoon of September 7, Mao took a turn for the worse. Mao had just fallen asleep and needed the rest, but she insisted on rubbing his back and moving his limbs and she sprinkled powder on his body. The medical team protested that the dust from the powder was not good for his lungs, but she instructed the nurses on duty to follow her example later. The next morning, September 8, she came again. She wanted the medical staff to change Mao's sleeping position, claiming that he had been lying too long on his left side. The doctor on duty objected, knowing that he could breathe only on his left side, but she had him moved nonetheless. Mao's breathing stopped and his face turned blue. Jiang Qing left the room while the medical staff put Mao on a respirator and performed emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Mao revived and Hua Guofeng urged Jiang Qing not to interfere further with the doctor's work, however Mao's organs failed and the Chinese government decided to disconnect Mao's life support mechanism.
On October 6, 1976, Jiang Qing and three others were arrested for attempting to seize power by setting up militia coups in Shanghai and Beijing. After her arrest, Jiang Qing was sent to the Qincheng Prison and detained for five years. Between 1981 and 1982, she was tried for crimes against innocent people and subverting the government. During her public trials at the "Special Court", Jiang Qing was the only member of the Gang of Four who bothered to argue on her behalf. The defense's argument was that she obeyed the orders of Chairman Mao Zedong at all times. Jiang Qing maintained that all she had done was to defend Chairman Mao. It was at this trial that Jiang Qing made the famous quote: "''I was Chairman Mao's dog. I bit whomever he asked me to bite.''" . The official records of the trial have not yet been released.
Jiang Qing was in 1981. The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 1983, allegedly to "give her time to repent". While in prison, Jiang Qing was diagnosed with throat cancer, but she refused an operation. She was eventually released, on medical grounds, in 1991. At the hospital, Jiang Qing used the name Lǐ Rùnqīng . She was alleged to have committed suicide on May 14, 1991, aged 77, by hanging herself in a bathroom of her hospital.
In 1980, the trials of Lin Biao and the Gang of Four began. The trials were televised nationwide. By showing the way the Gang of Four was tried, Deng Xiaoping wanted the people to realize that a new age had arrived.
Jiang Qing seemed almost defiant as the trial opened. Her jet-black hair was pulled severely back behind her ears; she marched into the courtroom with her head regally erect and then alternately smirked and yawned during the reading of the indictment, apparently to show contempt for the proceedings. Portions of the 20,000-word indictment were printed in China's press before the trial started; they accused the defendants of a host of heinous crimes that took place during the Cultural Revolution. The charges specify that 727,420 Chinese were "persecuted" during that period, and that 34,274 died, though the often vague indictment did not specify exactly how. Among the chief victims: onetime Chief of State Liu Shaoqi, whose widow Wang Guangmei, herself imprisoned during the Cultural Revolution for 12 years, attended the trial as an observer.
The indictment described two plots by the "Jiang Qing-Lin Biao Counterrevolutionary Clique" to seize power. Jiang Qing was not accused of conspiring with Lin Biao, or with other members of the Gang of Four who allegedly planned an armed rebellion to "usurp power" in 1976, when Mao was close to death. Instead, the charges against her focused on her systematic persecution of creative artists during the Cultural Revolution. Among other things, she was accused of hiring 40 people in Shanghai to disguise themselves as Red Guards and ransack the homes of writers and performers. The apparent purpose was said to find and destroy letters, photos and other potentially damaging materials on Jiang Qing's early career in Shanghai, which she wanted to keep secret.
Despite the seriousness of the accusations against her, Jiang Qing appeared unrepentant. She had not confessed her guilt, something that the Chinese press has emphasized to show her bad attitude. There had been reports that she planned to defend herself by cloaking herself in Mao's mantle, saying that she did only what he approved. As the trial got under way, Jiang Qing dismissed her assigned lawyers, deciding instead to represent herself.
Witness: "''Many comrades were put in jail on innumerable false charges. They were arbitrarily assigned heavy guilts, arrested and confined, some wore handcuffs for as long as 5 years.''"
Jiang Qing: "''You don't need to forge anymore. That has nothing to do with you!''"
Witness shouts: "''You have no right to talk!''"
Jiang Qing: "''I have the right to defend myself. I have the right to reveal you.''"
The judge rings the bell and the witness slams on the table: "''You are not allowed to talk!''"
After being shown the body examination of Zhang Linzhi, the former minister for the coal industry and a victim during the Cultural Revolution, Jiang Qing made the following statement:
''This may be true. However, those 'huge amount of evidences', as claimed by you, are merely picking bones from an egg. For instance, a sound record from the National Beijing Opera Institution were played again and again. Also, having me repeatedly appear in court 6 times so far can reveal something too. I understand only too well what you said. What you are doing now is to uglify me, Chairman Mao Zedong, and the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution, in which hundreds of millions of people have participated. I was Chairman Mao's wife for 38 full years, not counting those years when we first knew each other. We have been through wars and hardships together. During the war time I was the only woman who followed Chairman Mao to the frontier! Where were you hiding then?!''
''I was Chairman Mao's dog. When Chairman Mao asked me to bite, I bit!'' perhaps her most famous line in defence of herself.
#Birth name: Lǐ Shūméng
#Given name: Lǐ Jìnhái
#School name: Lǐ Yúnhè
#Modified name: Lǐ Hè
#Stage name: Lán Píng
#Revolutionary pseudonym: Jiāng Qīng
#Pen name: Lǐ Jìn
#Last used name: Lǐ Rùnqīng
*Ross Terrill, The White-Boned Demon: A Biography of Madame Mao Zedong . ISBN 0-671-74484-4
*Roxane Witke, Comrade Chiang Ch'ing . ISBN 0-316-94900-0
*Jung Chang, ISBN 0-671-68546-5
*Li Zhisui,The Private Life of Chairman Mao ISBN 0-09-9648814
Around the time of Chairman Mao's death, maintained control of many of China's power institutions, including a heavy hand in the media and propaganda. Jiang Qing's political success was limited, however, and she was arrested in October 1976 by Hua Guofeng and his allies, and was subsequently accused of being counter-revolutionary. Since then, Jiang Qing and Lin Biao have been branded by official historical documents in China as the "Lin Biao and Jiang Qing Counter-revolutionary Cliques" , to which most of the blame for the damage and devastation caused by the Cultural Revolution was assigned.
Early years
Jiang Qing was born as Lǐ Shūméng in Zhucheng , in 1914. Jiang Qing's father was called Li Dewen , who reputedly wanted a son, thus gave his daughter the name ''L? Jìnhái'' in anticipation for a son. Jiang Qing, first known as L? Yúnhè , grew up in the homes of her courtesan mother's rich lovers. She was an only child who was never doted upon and whose instincts were never curbed. In her early twenties, and after already exhausting two marriages, Jiang Qing went to university and studied literature and drama. Soon, Jiang Qing adopted the stage name "Lán Píng" , and became a professional actress. She appeared in numerous films and plays, including ''A Doll's House'', ''Big Thunderstorm'', ''God of Liberty'', ''The Scenery of City'', ''Blood on Wolf Mountain'' and ''Old Mr. Wang''. In Ibsen's play ''A Doll's House'', Jiang Qing played the role of Nora, who, after being accused of talking like a child and not understanding the world she lives in, replies, "No I don't . But now I mean to go into that... I must find out which is right - the world or I." Being out of sorts with the world was also Jiang Qing's experience, whose early life was fraught with harsh realities. Jiang Qing first married in Shandong, to a wealthy businessman, but became bored of the closed married life. She escaped to Shanghai, where she began reconstructing an acting career and was involved with Yu Qiwei.
At 23, Jiang Qing left her life on the stage behind and went to the Chinese Communist headquarters in Yan'an, to "join the revolution" and the war to resist the Japanese invasion. There she met Mao Zedong, and eventually married him in a small private ceremony. They had a daughter in 1940. Because Mao's marriage to He Zizhen had not yet ceased, Jiang Qing was made to sign a marital contract which stipulated that she would not appear in public with Mao as his escort, effective twenty years.
Rise to power
In the 1950s, Jiang Qing was involved with the Ministry of Culture. Backed by her husband, she was appointed deputy director of the so-called Central Cultural Revolution Group in 1966 and emerged as a serious political figure in the summer of that year. She became a member of the in 1969. By now she has established a close political working relationship with--what in due course would be known as the -- Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen. She was one of the most powerful figures in China during Mao's last years and became a controversial figure.
During this period, Mao Zedong galvanized students and young workers as his Red Guards to attack what he termed as revisionists in the party. Mao told them the revolution was in danger and that they must do all they could to stop the emergence of a privileged class in China. He argued this is what had happened in the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev.
Jiang Qing incited radical youths organized as against other senior political leaders and government officials, including Liu Shaoqi, the at the time, and Deng Xiaoping, the Deputy Premier. Internally divided into factions both to the "left" and "right" of Jiang Qing and Mao, not all Red Guards were friendly to Jiang Qing.
The initial storm of the Cultural Revolution came to an end when Liu Shaoqi was forced from all his posts on October 13, 1968. Lin Biao now became Mao's designated successor. Chairman Mao now gave his support to the Gang of Four: Jiang Qing, Wang Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan and Zhang Chunqiao. These four radicals occupied powerful positions in the Politburo after the Tenth Party Congress of 1973.
Jiang Qing also directed operas and ballets with communist and revolutionary content as part of an effort to transform China's culture. The Eight model plays were allegedly created under her guidance. Critics would argue that her influence on art was too restrictive, because she replaced nearly all earlier works of art with revolutionary Maoist works.
Jiang Qing first collaborated with then second-in-charge Lin Biao, but after Lin Biao's death in 1971, she turned against him publicly in the Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius Campaign. By the mid 1970s, Jiang Qing also spearheaded the campaign against Deng Xiaoping . The Chinese public became intensely discontented at this time and chose to blame Jiang Qing, a more accessible and easier target than Chairman Mao.
Jiang Qing's hobbies included photography, playing cards, and watching foreign movies, especially ''''. It was also revealed that Mao's physician, Li Zhisui, had diagnosed her as a hypochondriac. When touring a troupe of young girls excelling in marksmanship, she "discovered" Joan Chen, then 14 years old, launching Joan's career as a Chinese and then international actress.
She developed severe degrees of hypochondriasis and erratic nerves. She required two sedatives over the course of a day and three sleeping pills to fall asleep. Staff were assigned to chase away birds and cicadas from her Imperial Fishing Villa. She ordered house servants to cut down on noise by removing their shoes and avoiding clothes rustling. Mild temperature extremes bothered her; thermostats were always set to 21.5°C in winter and 26°C in summer.
Mao Zedong's death
Mao began dying on September 2, 1976. By September 5, his condition was critical and Hua Guofeng contacted Jiang Qing. She returned from her trip and spent only a few moments in hospital's Building 202, where Mao was being treated, before returning to her own residence in the Spring Lotus Chamber. On the afternoon of September 7, Mao took a turn for the worse. Mao had just fallen asleep and needed the rest, but she insisted on rubbing his back and moving his limbs and she sprinkled powder on his body. The medical team protested that the dust from the powder was not good for his lungs, but she instructed the nurses on duty to follow her example later. The next morning, September 8, she came again. She wanted the medical staff to change Mao's sleeping position, claiming that he had been lying too long on his left side. The doctor on duty objected, knowing that he could breathe only on his left side, but she had him moved nonetheless. Mao's breathing stopped and his face turned blue. Jiang Qing left the room while the medical staff put Mao on a respirator and performed emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Mao revived and Hua Guofeng urged Jiang Qing not to interfere further with the doctor's work, however Mao's organs failed and the Chinese government decided to disconnect Mao's life support mechanism.
Downfall and death
On October 6, 1976, Jiang Qing and three others were arrested for attempting to seize power by setting up militia coups in Shanghai and Beijing. After her arrest, Jiang Qing was sent to the Qincheng Prison and detained for five years. Between 1981 and 1982, she was tried for crimes against innocent people and subverting the government. During her public trials at the "Special Court", Jiang Qing was the only member of the Gang of Four who bothered to argue on her behalf. The defense's argument was that she obeyed the orders of Chairman Mao Zedong at all times. Jiang Qing maintained that all she had done was to defend Chairman Mao. It was at this trial that Jiang Qing made the famous quote: "''I was Chairman Mao's dog. I bit whomever he asked me to bite.''" . The official records of the trial have not yet been released.
Jiang Qing was in 1981. The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 1983, allegedly to "give her time to repent". While in prison, Jiang Qing was diagnosed with throat cancer, but she refused an operation. She was eventually released, on medical grounds, in 1991. At the hospital, Jiang Qing used the name Lǐ Rùnqīng . She was alleged to have committed suicide on May 14, 1991, aged 77, by hanging herself in a bathroom of her hospital.
Trial
In 1980, the trials of Lin Biao and the Gang of Four began. The trials were televised nationwide. By showing the way the Gang of Four was tried, Deng Xiaoping wanted the people to realize that a new age had arrived.
Jiang Qing seemed almost defiant as the trial opened. Her jet-black hair was pulled severely back behind her ears; she marched into the courtroom with her head regally erect and then alternately smirked and yawned during the reading of the indictment, apparently to show contempt for the proceedings. Portions of the 20,000-word indictment were printed in China's press before the trial started; they accused the defendants of a host of heinous crimes that took place during the Cultural Revolution. The charges specify that 727,420 Chinese were "persecuted" during that period, and that 34,274 died, though the often vague indictment did not specify exactly how. Among the chief victims: onetime Chief of State Liu Shaoqi, whose widow Wang Guangmei, herself imprisoned during the Cultural Revolution for 12 years, attended the trial as an observer.
The indictment described two plots by the "Jiang Qing-Lin Biao Counterrevolutionary Clique" to seize power. Jiang Qing was not accused of conspiring with Lin Biao, or with other members of the Gang of Four who allegedly planned an armed rebellion to "usurp power" in 1976, when Mao was close to death. Instead, the charges against her focused on her systematic persecution of creative artists during the Cultural Revolution. Among other things, she was accused of hiring 40 people in Shanghai to disguise themselves as Red Guards and ransack the homes of writers and performers. The apparent purpose was said to find and destroy letters, photos and other potentially damaging materials on Jiang Qing's early career in Shanghai, which she wanted to keep secret.
Despite the seriousness of the accusations against her, Jiang Qing appeared unrepentant. She had not confessed her guilt, something that the Chinese press has emphasized to show her bad attitude. There had been reports that she planned to defend herself by cloaking herself in Mao's mantle, saying that she did only what he approved. As the trial got under way, Jiang Qing dismissed her assigned lawyers, deciding instead to represent herself.
Dialogues during the trial
1
Witness: "''Many comrades were put in jail on innumerable false charges. They were arbitrarily assigned heavy guilts, arrested and confined, some wore handcuffs for as long as 5 years.''"
Jiang Qing: "''You don't need to forge anymore. That has nothing to do with you!''"
Witness shouts: "''You have no right to talk!''"
Jiang Qing: "''I have the right to defend myself. I have the right to reveal you.''"
The judge rings the bell and the witness slams on the table: "''You are not allowed to talk!''"
2
After being shown the body examination of Zhang Linzhi, the former minister for the coal industry and a victim during the Cultural Revolution, Jiang Qing made the following statement:
''This may be true. However, those 'huge amount of evidences', as claimed by you, are merely picking bones from an egg. For instance, a sound record from the National Beijing Opera Institution were played again and again. Also, having me repeatedly appear in court 6 times so far can reveal something too. I understand only too well what you said. What you are doing now is to uglify me, Chairman Mao Zedong, and the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution, in which hundreds of millions of people have participated. I was Chairman Mao's wife for 38 full years, not counting those years when we first knew each other. We have been through wars and hardships together. During the war time I was the only woman who followed Chairman Mao to the frontier! Where were you hiding then?!''
3
''I was Chairman Mao's dog. When Chairman Mao asked me to bite, I bit!'' perhaps her most famous line in defence of herself.
Names of Jiang Qing
#Birth name: Lǐ Shūméng
#Given name: Lǐ Jìnhái
#School name: Lǐ Yúnhè
#Modified name: Lǐ Hè
#Stage name: Lán Píng
#Revolutionary pseudonym: Jiāng Qīng
#Pen name: Lǐ Jìn
#Last used name: Lǐ Rùnqīng
Bibliography
*Ross Terrill, The White-Boned Demon: A Biography of Madame Mao Zedong . ISBN 0-671-74484-4
*Roxane Witke, Comrade Chiang Ch'ing . ISBN 0-316-94900-0
*Jung Chang, ISBN 0-671-68546-5
*Li Zhisui,The Private Life of Chairman Mao ISBN 0-09-9648814
Jiang Chunyun
Jiang Chunyun is vice-chairman of the Standing Committee of the Ninth National People's Congress.
Jiang was born in county, Shandong province, April 1930, and started work in 1946; he joined the Communist Party of China in February 1947. Since then, Jiang has served as secretary-general of Communist Party of China Shandong Provincial Committee, secretary of Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Jinan Municipal Committee, governor of Shandong province, secretary of CPC Shandong Provincial Committee, and vice-premier of State Council.
He was a member of Secretariat of CPC Central Committee, a member of 13th through 15th CPC Central Committees, and a member of Political Bureau of 14th CPC Central Committee; and he is currently a member of Political Bureau of 15th CPC Central Committee.
Biography
Jiang was born in county, Shandong province, April 1930, and started work in 1946; he joined the Communist Party of China in February 1947. Since then, Jiang has served as secretary-general of Communist Party of China Shandong Provincial Committee, secretary of Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Jinan Municipal Committee, governor of Shandong province, secretary of CPC Shandong Provincial Committee, and vice-premier of State Council.
He was a member of Secretariat of CPC Central Committee, a member of 13th through 15th CPC Central Committees, and a member of Political Bureau of 14th CPC Central Committee; and he is currently a member of Political Bureau of 15th CPC Central Committee.
Gong Xiao Bin
Gong Xiao Bin , born November 23, 1969 in , is a retired Chinese professional basketball player who enjoyed an outstanding career in the Chinese Basketball Association. In 1990 he was chosen as one of China's 50 all-time great basketball players.
In 1982 he began play for the Shandong Province youth soccer team and in 1986, at the age of 17, was selected to the Chinese national U-19 team. In 1988 Gong competed in a national urban basketball tournament and was chosen as an outstanding player; he was also listed as one of China's top ten basketball players of that year; in 1989 at the age of 20 Gong joined the China national basketball team.
As a member of the national basketball team, Gong competed for China in the , the and in the . In 2002 at the age of 33 he was still playing internationally, representing China in the Asian games and the FIBA world tournament.
As for the Chinese Basketball Association, Gong played center for the Shandong Lions, in the 1997-1998 season winning the league scoring title. He was named to .
As a basketball player Gong Xiao Bin represented his native Shandong Province both as a sports role model and as a player, leading the Shandong men's team at the Chinese National Games, including the at which Shandong Province finished 3rd overall.
Gong retired from play in 2003 and began a new career coaching basketball, for the CBA's Shandong Lions.
Life and career
In 1982 he began play for the Shandong Province youth soccer team and in 1986, at the age of 17, was selected to the Chinese national U-19 team. In 1988 Gong competed in a national urban basketball tournament and was chosen as an outstanding player; he was also listed as one of China's top ten basketball players of that year; in 1989 at the age of 20 Gong joined the China national basketball team.
As a member of the national basketball team, Gong competed for China in the , the and in the . In 2002 at the age of 33 he was still playing internationally, representing China in the Asian games and the FIBA world tournament.
As for the Chinese Basketball Association, Gong played center for the Shandong Lions, in the 1997-1998 season winning the league scoring title. He was named to .
As a basketball player Gong Xiao Bin represented his native Shandong Province both as a sports role model and as a player, leading the Shandong men's team at the Chinese National Games, including the at which Shandong Province finished 3rd overall.
Retirement
Gong retired from play in 2003 and began a new career coaching basketball, for the CBA's Shandong Lions.
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